The Hello GPE World Tutorial

Introduction

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The SPP Components

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Pinging SPP External Interfaces

Unlike most PlanetLab nodes, an SPP has multiple external interfaces. In the GENI deployment, some of those interfaces have Internet2 IP addresses and some are interfaces attached to point-to-point links going directly to an external interfaces of other SPPs. This section introduces you to sone of the Internet2 interfaces.

Let's try to ping some of those Internet2 interfaces. Enter one of the following ping commands (omit the comments):

    ping -c 3 64.57.23.210         # Salt Lake City interface 0
    ping -c 3 64.57.23.214         # Salt Lake City interface 1
    ping -c 3 64.57.23.218         # Salt Lake City interface 2
    ping -c 3 64.57.23.194         # Washington DC interface 0
    ping -c 3 64.57.23.198         # Washington DC interface 1
    ping -c 3 64.57.23.202         # Washington DC interface 2
    ping -c 3 64.57.23.178         # Kansas City interface 0
    ping -c 3 64.57.23.182         # Kansas City interface 1
    ping -c 3 64.57.23.186         # Kansas City interface 2

For example, my output from the first ping command looks like this:

    > ping -c 3 64.57.23.210
    PING 64.57.23.210 (64.57.23.210) 56(84) bytes of data.
    64 bytes from 64.57.23.210: icmp_seq=1 ttl=56 time=67.5 ms
    64 bytes from 64.57.23.210: icmp_seq=2 ttl=56 time=55.9 ms
    64 bytes from 64.57.23.210: icmp_seq=3 ttl=56 time=59.0 ms

    --- 64.57.23.210 ping statistics ---
    3 packets transmitted, 3 received, 0% packet loss, time 2002ms
    rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 55.949/60.823/67.511/4.895 ms

Note that you may not be able to ping an SPP external interface. Some reasons why it might fail are:

1. Your host doesn't have ping installed. This is not typical.
2. The SPP interface is down.
3. Your network blocks ping traffic.
4. Your network provider doesn't route Internet2 addresses.

In the first case, you will get a command not found error message. The ping command is usually located at /bin/ping. See your system administrator if you can't find ping. In the other cases, your ping command will eventually return with a 100% packet loss message. In the last case, running the command traceroute 64.57.23.210 will give a Network unreachable indication (the last router is marked !N).

If you are unsuccessful with one interface, try to ping the interface of a different SPP.

However, you can always get around these problems (except for an SPP being down) by issuing the ping command from a PlanetLab node. We discuss how to log into a PlanetLab node in The IPv4 Metanet Tutorial.

DNS Names of SPP External Interfaces

SPP	Interface	IP Address	DNS Name
KANS	0	64.57.23.178	sppkans1.arl.wustl.edu
	1	64.57.23.182	sppkans2.arl.wustl.edu
	2	64.57.23.186	sppkans3.arl.wustl.edu
WASH	0	64.57.23.194	sppwash1.arl.wustl.edu
	1	64.57.23.198	sppwash2.arl.wustl.edu
	2	64.57.23.202	sppwash3.arl.wustl.edu
SALT	0	64.57.23.210	sppsalt1.arl.wustl.edu
	1	64.57.23.214	sppsalt2.arl.wustl.edu
	2	64.57.23.218	sppsalt3.arl.wustl.edu

The SPP's external interfaces also have DNS names. So, ping -c 3 sppsalt1.arl.wustl.edu works as well as ping -c 3 64.57.23.210. The table (right) shows the DNS names of the Internet external interfaces.

Logging Into an SPP's GPE

Now, let's try to log into the SPP interface that you were able to ping. The example below assumes that interface was 64.57.23.210; that is, interface 0 of the Salt Lake City SPP. Note the following:

• You must use ssh to log into an SPP.
• When you ssh to an SPP's external interface, you will actually get logged into a GPE of the SPP.
• Furthermore, you will be logging into your slice in a GPE.
• Even if your network blocks your ping packets, you should be able to log into a GPE as long as there is a route to the SPP's external interface address.
• You can 'ssh' to any of the SPP's external interfaces.

To log into a GPE at the Salt Lake City SPP, I would enter:

    ssh pl_washu_sppDemo@64.57.23.210

where my slice name is pl_washu_sppDemo. Thus, the general format is:

    ssh YOUR_SLICE@SPP_ADDRESS

where YOUR_SLICE is the slice you were assigned during account registration, and SPP_ADDRESS is the IP address of an SPP external interface.

During the login process, you will be asked to enter your RSA passphrase unless ssh-agent or an equivalent utility (e.g., keychain, gnome-keyring-daemon) is holding your private RSA key.

   host> ssh pl_washu_sppDemo@SPP_ADDRESS
   Enter passphrase for key '/home/.../LOGIN_NAME/.ssh/id_rsa':
       ... Respond with your passphrase ...
   Last login:  ... Previous login information ...
   [YOUR_SLICE@SPP_ADDRESS ~]$

If the SSH daemon asks you for your password, you will have to call ssh using the -i KEY_FILE argument like this:

    ssh -i ~/.ssh/id_rsa YOUR_SLICE@SPP_ADDRESS
        ... The SSH daemon will ask for your passphrase ...

Using ssh-agent

This section is a very brief explanation of how to use ssh-agent. You can skip this section if you are already using such an agent. If you have never used such an agent, note that there are several alternatives to the procedure described below and our description is meant to be a simple cookbook procedure. See the ssh-agent and ssh-add man pages or the web for more details.

The basic idea is to run ssh-agent which is a daemon process that caches private keys and listens for requests from SSH clients needing a private key related computation. Then, run the ssh-add command to add your private key to your agent's cache. This is only done once after you start the SSH agent. The process will ask you for your passphrase which is used to decrypt the private key which is then held in main memory by the agent.

For example,

    eval `ssh-agent`        # Notice the backquotes
    ssh-add
    ... Enter your passphrase when it prompts for it ...

Notice that we are using backquotes (which denotes command substitution) in the first line, NOT the normal forward quote characters.

In the first line, ssh-agent outputs two commands to stdout which is then evaluated by the eval command. These two commands set the two environment variables SSH_AUTH_SOCK and SSH_AGENT_PID. Enter the command "printenv | grep SSH_A", and you will get output that looks like:

    SSH_AUTH_SOCK=/tmp/ssh-sTNf2142/agent.2142
    SSH_AGENT_PID=2143

which says that process 2143 is your ssh-agent and it is listening for requests on the Unix Domain socket /tmp/ssh-sTNf2142/agent.2142. The ssh-add command adds your private key to the list of private keys held by ssh-agent.

You can now verify that you can ssh to an SPP without entering a password or passphrase. In fact, any subshell of the current shell will not need to enter a password when logging into an SPP as long as the agent is running because the SSH environment variables are passed to all children of the current shell allowing them to communicate with the same agent.

The SPP Configuration Command scfg

After you have logged into a GPE, you can use the scfg command to:

• Get information about the SPP
• Configure the SPP
• Make resource reservations

You can get help information from scfg by entering one of these forms of the command:

    scfg --help all         # show help for all commands
    scfg --help info        # show help for information commands
    scfg --help queues      # show help for queue commands
    scfg --help reserv      # show help for reservation commands
    scfg --help alloc       # show help for resource alloc/free commands

Try getting help on the information commands by entering:

    scfg --help info

Your output should look like this:

    USAGE:
    INFORMATION CMDS:
      scfg --cmd get_ifaces
            Display all interfaces
      scfg --cmd get_ifpeer --ifn N
            Display the peer of interface num N
      ... other output not shown ...

If you get a command not found message, try entering:

    /usr/local/bin/scfg --help info

If the command now runs, you need to add /usr/local/bin to your PATH environment variable. The rest of this tutorial assumes that your PATH environment variable has been set to include the directory containing the scfg command.

Getting Information About External Interfaces

SPPs have multiple external interfaces. To show the attributes of all external interfaces, enter:

    scfg --cmd get_ifaces

For example, running this command on the Salt Lake City SPP produces:

    Interface list:
      [ifn 0, type  "inet", linkBW 1000000Kbps, availBW 899232Kbps, ipAddr 64.57.23.210]
      [ifn 1, type  "inet", linkBW 1000000Kbps, availBW 899232Kbps, ipAddr 64.57.23.214]
      [ifn 2, type  "inet", linkBW 1000000Kbps, availBW 899232Kbps, ipAddr 64.57.23.218]
      [ifn 3, type  "p2p", linkBW 1000000Kbps, availBW 899232Kbps, ipAddr 10.1.1.2]
      [ifn 4, type  "p2p", linkBW 1000000Kbps, availBW 899232Kbps, ipAddr 10.1.2.2]
      [ifn 5, type  "p2p", linkBW 1000000Kbps, availBW 899232Kbps, ipAddr 10.1.7.2]
      [ifn 6, type  "p2p", linkBW 1000000Kbps, availBW 899232Kbps, ipAddr 10.1.8.2]

This output shows:

• There are seven external interfaces numbered from 0 to 7.
• type: There are two types of interfaces: Internet (inet) and point-to-point (p2p).
• linkBW: The capacity of each interface is 1 Gbps (i.e., 1000000 Kbps).
• availBW: The available bandwidth of each interface is 899.232 Mbps (i.e., 899232 Kbps); that is, that portion of the capacity that hasn't already been allocated.
• ipAddr: The IP addresses of each interface.

Getting Information About Peers

The type inet interfaces are physically connected to the Internet. The type p2p interfaces are physically connected to other SPPs through point-to-point links. That's why you can only ping interfaces with type inet from your host.

You can use the get_peer command to show the IP address of the interface at the other end of a point-to-point link. For example, I would enter:

    scfg --cmd get_peer --ifn 3

to find out the IP address of interface 3's peer. These seven commands will show the peer IP addresses of interfaces 0-6:

    scfg --cmd get_peer --ifn 0
    scfg --cmd get_peer --ifn 1
    scfg --cmd get_peer --ifn 2
    scfg --cmd get_peer --ifn 3
    scfg --cmd get_peer --ifn 4
    scfg --cmd get_peer --ifn 5
    scfg --cmd get_peer --ifn 6

Running these commands on the Salt Lake City SPP produces this output:

    SPP Peer IP address: 0.0.0.0
    SPP Peer IP address: 0.0.0.0
    SPP Peer IP address: 0.0.0.0
    SPP Peer IP address: 10.1.1.1
    SPP Peer IP address: 10.1.2.1
    SPP Peer IP address: 10.1.7.1
    SPP Peer IP address: 10.1.8.1

Notice that the p2p interfaces are the only ones with a peer IP address that is not 0.0.0.0. Furthermore, these addresses have the same 10.1.x.y format as other p2p interfaces.

Constructing an SPP Interconnection Map

We can now build a complete interconnection map of the SPPs if we combine the output of the get_ifaces and get_peer commands from all SPPs. This output is shown at the bottom of the The GENI SPP Configuration page. The interconnection tables shown near the top of the The GENI SPP Configuration page were constructed from this output.

The Salt Lake City table is:

Interface	Type	IP Address	Peer Address
0	inet	64.57.23.210	0.0.0.0
1	inet	64.57.23.214	0.0.0.0
2	inet	64.57.23.218	0.0.0.0
3	p2p	10.1.1.2	10.1.1.1 (KC ifn 3)
4	p2p	10.1.2.2	10.1.2.1 (KC ifn 4)
5	p2p	10.1.7.2	10.1.7.1 (DC ifn 5)
6	p2p	10.1.8.2	10.1.8.1 (DC ifn 6)

For example, the peer IP address of interface 3 is 10.1.1.1 which is the IP address of Kansas City's interface 3. You can verify the labeling of the peer IP addresses for interfaces 4-6 by looking at the output at the bottom of The GENI SPP Configuration page. Below is a diagram of the SPP interconnection map:

SPP Interconnection Map

scfg has other information commands and also commands for allocating/freeing SPP resources and managing queues. The example below will describe some of these commands. The page SPP Command Interface summarizes all of the commands.

Hello GPE World

Hello GPE World

The first program we will run on a GPE is a variant of the UDP echo server. You will run the client on your Linux host which will send a UDP packet containing the 6-byte C-string (including the terminating NUL byte) "hello" to the server. The server listens on port 50000 for an incoming UDP packet. When it receives a packet, it displays the content of the read buffer in both ASCII and hexadecimal formats and sends the "hello" string back to the client.

Going through this example should demonstrate to you that using a GPE is just like using any other general-purpose host except that you need to setup and teardown the SPP.

Here are the steps involved in this example:

• Create the client and server executables.
• Copy the server executable and scripts to a GPE.
• Setup the SPP.
• Run the server and the client.
• Teardown the SPP.

Create the Client and Server Executables

>>>>> How to get the tar file ??? <<<<<

In the command block below, we assume that you will extract the tar file into the directory ~/hello-gpe in your home directory:

    host> cd                                 # change directory to your home directory
    host> tar tf ~/Download/hello-gpe.tar    # see what is in the tar file
    host> tar xf ~/Download/hello-gpe.tar    # extract contents into ~/hello-gpe/ directory
    host> cat README                         # read about the example
    host> make                               # make the two executables
    ... Follow the insructions for doing a test using localhost ...

You have now created two executables in the ~/hello-gpe/ directory: hello-client and hello-server.

Copy the Server Executable and Scripts to a GPE

Now, create a tar file that contains the two above executables and the SPP scripts found in ~/hello-gpe/scripts/:

    host> make spp-hello.tar
    host> scp spp-hello.tar YOUR_SLICE@SPP_ADDRESS:
    host> ssh YOUR_SLICE@SPP_ADDRESS
    GPE>  tar tf spp-hello.tar        # look at what is in the tar file
    GPE>  tar xf spp-hello.tar        # creates and populates ~/hello-gpe/

The spp-hello.tar file contains the scripts from the hello-gpe.tar file and the two executables hello-server and hello-client that you just created. We will first lead you through the process of setting up the SPP, running the executables and then tearing down the SPP in a step-by-step manner. Afterwards, we will discuss how to script the setup and teardown procedures.

Setup the SPP

Setting up the SPP so that packets from hello-client can get to your hello-server process running on a GPE of the Salt Lake City SPP involves these steps:

• Run the mkResFile4hello.sh script to create a resource reservation file.
• Submit the resource reservation.
• Claim the resources described by the resource reservation file.
  • This allocates 1 Mbps of capacity from the 64.57.23.210 interface.
• Setup the endpoint (64.57.23.210, 50000) to handle 1 Mbps of UDP traffic.

Create a Resource Reservation File

Most users make a resource reservation file in one of two ways:

• Manual: Copy an existing file and hand edit the file to meet their needs; or
• Script: Run a script that generates the file.

You can hand edit the file ~/hello-gpe/scripts/res.xml or generate one using the script ~/hello-gpe/scripts/mkResFile4hello.sh. The res.xml file looks like this:

    <?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="yes"?>
    <spp>
       <rsvRecord>
         <!-- Date Format:  YYYYMMDDHHmmss -->
         <!-- That's year, month, day, hour, minutes, seconds -->
         <rDate start="20100304121500" end="20100404121500" />
         <plRSpec>
           <ifParams>
             <!-- reserve 1 Mb/s on one interface -->
             <ifRec bw="1000" ip="64.57.23.210" />
           </ifParams>
         </plRSpec>
       </rsvRecord>
    </spp>

This file defines the following reservation:

• The reservation runs from 1215 on March 4, 2010 to 1215 on April 4, 2010.
  • The hours (HH) is based on a 24-hour clock.
  • This period must include the actual time period that you plan to use the resources.
• The plRSpec section defines the GPE (slowpath) resources.
  • It specifies that you will be using 1000 Kbps (= 1 Mbps) of the interface with IP address 64.57.23.210.
• This reservation does not have a fpRspec component which defines fastpath resources because this example doesn't use the fastpath (The IPv4 Metanet Tutorial shows how to create a reservation file containing fastpath resources).

We don't really need 1 Mbps of bandwidth for this example since we are only sending a UDP packet with a 6-byte payload.

If you use the manual method to create the reservation file, you can edit the existing res.xml file that is in the tar file. You will only need to edit the two date fields in the rDate tag and the bandwidth and IP address fields in the ifRec tag. You can choose an arbitrary file name.

If you use the script method, the mkResFile4hello.sh script has been written specifically for this example. You run the script on the GPE like this for the Salt Lake City SPP:

    GPE>  cd ~/hello-gpe/scripts
    GPE>  ./mkResFile4hello.sh 64.57.23.210    # Salt Lake City SPP, interface 0 IP address
    +++ Making res.xml, 1 month reservation file starting from now:
        BEGIN = 20100304205900
        END   = 20100404205900
        SPP_ADDRESS = 64.57.23.194
    +++
    See res.xml file

It will create a reservation file for a one month period starting from today for the interface IP address entered as the first command-line argument. It announces the date parameters (20100304205900 and 20100404205900) and the IP address (64.57.23.194) that it will put into the reservation file.

Our choice of a one month reservation period was arbitrary. You can modify the date fields in our res.xml file to suit your own needs. Furthermore, note the following:

• You can make an advanced reservation which covers a time period in the future.
• The time period can have a start date that is in the past.
• You can only one reservation per time period; i.e., reservations can't overlap in time.

Submit the Reservation

Now, we use the scfg command --cmd make_resrv to submit the reservation:

    GPE> scfg --cmd make_resrv --xfile res.xml
    Warning:  Your reservation has no fpRSpec
    Adding reservation:
    rDate: [3/4/2010 at 20:59:0, 4/4/2010 at 20:59:0]
      GPE: (ip=64.57.23.194 bw=1000 Kbps)

    Successfully added reservation

Note that scfg outputs a warning that the reservation file doesn't have a fpRspec component; i.e., a fastpath specification. Since this example is using only the slowpath, we can ignore the warning

Claim the Resources

The reservation only indicates your intent to use resources. You use the scfg command --cmd claim_resources to actually allocate the resources specified by a reservation:

    GPE> scfg --cmd get_ifattrs --ifn 0
    Interface attributes:
        [ifn 0, type  "inet", linkBW 1000000Kbps, availBW 864552Kbps, ipAddr 64.57.23.210]

    GPE> scfg --cmd claim_resources
    Successfully allocated GPE spec

    GPE> scfg --cmd get_ifattrs --ifn 0
    Interface attributes:
        [ifn 0, type  "inet", linkBW 1000000Kbps, availBW 863552Kbps, ipAddr 64.57.23.210]

The third command does the allocation of your active reservation: 1 Mbps of capacity from the 64.57.23.210 interface. We can now configure slowpath endpoints that use portions of this 1 Mbps capacity.

The command block above shows that interface 0's available bandwidth has been reduced by 1000 Kbps. The --cmd get_ifattrs outputs the same information as --cmd get_ifaces but for only one interface.

Setup the Endpoint

We now use the capacity allocated by --cmd claim_resources by creating a slowpath endpoint within the 64.57.23.210 interface by using --cmd setup_sp_enpoint:

    GPE> scfg --cmd setup_sp_endpoint --bw 1000 --ipaddr 64.57.23.210 --port 50000 --proto 17
    Set up slow path endpoint: epInfo [ bw 1000 epoint { 64.57.23.194, 50000, 17 } ]

This command example shows:

• The endpoint IP address, port number and protocol are 64.57.23.210, 50000 and 17 (UDP) respectively; and
• it will use all 1000 Kbps of the allocated capacity.

Note that:

• The hello-client process will send UDP packets to (SPP_ADDRESS=64.57.23.210, UDP_PORT=50000).
• A slice can have multiple endpoints within an interface allocation as long as the sum of their bandwidth parameters does not exceed the allocated capacity.
• Multiple slices can use the same IP address.
  • Each slice will be guaranteed their allocated bandwidth.
• Slices can not use the same port number.
• The --cmd setup_sp_endpoint command installed a filter in the linecard that will direct incoming traffic to any process your slice is running on a GPE.

Run the Server and the Client

>>>>> HERE <<<<<

    GPE> hello-server 50000
    udp-echo-srvr:  Listening on port 50000
    ... Waiting for UDP packet ...

    host> hello-client 64.57.23.210 50000
    udp-echo-cli:  Sending to port 50000 at 64.57.23.210
    send_dgram rcvd 6 char: <hello>

    host> hello-client 64.57.23.210 50000
    udp-echo-cli:  Sending to port 50000 at 64.57.23.210
    send_dgram rcvd 6 char: <hello>

    GPE>  hello-server 50000
    udp-echo-srvr:  Listening on port 50000
    echo_dgram rcvd 6 bytes (hex follows):
      68  65  6c  6c  6f  00  00  00  2c  ffffff91
    ====================
    echo_dgram rcvd 6 bytes (hex follows):
      68  65  6c  6c  6f  00  00  00  2c  ffffff91
    ====================
    ... Waits for next UDP packet to port 50000 ...
    ... Enter ctrl-c to terminate ...

Exercises

1. XXX
2. XXX

>>>>> HERE <<<<<