Dev:Network Games Related Work

Terminology

• DIA = Distributed Interactive Applications
  • used by among others Delaney - Presence 2007
  • Includes any of the following:
• DIS = Distributed Interactive Simulations
  • Used by the military
• NVE = Networked Virtual Environment
  • Singhal & Zyda 99 <insert reference>
• DIM = Distributed Interactive Media
  • Mauve01 <insert reference>
• NIE = Networked Interactive Environment
  • Capps, McDowell, Zyda 01 <insert reference>
• DVE = Distributed Virtual Environment
  • Stytz96 <insert reference>
• CVE = Collaborative Virtual Environment
• DSE = Distributed Synthetic Environment
• SVE = Shared Virtual Environment
• CSCW = Computer Supported Cooperative Work

Consistency is the degree to which users share the same view of the application state. It includes Delaney - Presence 2007

• Synchronization: Time of events relative to other events are the same across the DIA
• Causality: cause/effect ordering is maintained
• Concurrency: Simultaneous execution of events by different users on same entity

Responsiveness is the time taken for the system to register and respond to a user event. Delaney - Presence 2007

Fidelity is the degree to which the virtual representations are similar to their real-world representations. Delaney - Presence 2007 & IEEE95

ISSUES IN SUPPORTING DIAs

Consistency vs Performance

With infinite bandwidth and 0 network latency, a DIA could remain completely consistent and yet be extremely responsive (i.e. change state rapidly). In the presence of network latency, however, the system will require time to reach a new consistent state when a change in state is required. When a state change is requested, the system can either delay its response to reach a consistent state or process the change without guaranteeing complete consistency.
Fidelity is sacrificed either way since fidelity represents how closely the simulation matches its real-world representation. Inconsistencies mean the simulation does not accurately match it's real-world representation. Decreased responsiveness also decreases fidelity since real events occur instantaneously.

To manage this tradeoff, DIAs use Consistency Management Techniques.

Scalability

Scaling a DIA will primarily require more bandwidth from the network. The exact architecture will determine how the bandwidth requirements increase with the number of users. To reduce bandwidth, DIAs employ a variety of Information Management Techniques.

TECHNIQUES

Consistency Management Techniques

• Lockstep Synchronization
• Imposed Global Consistency
• Delayed Global Consistency
• Time Warp
• Predictive Time Management
• Concurrency

Information Management Techniques

• Dead Reckoning
• Relevance Filtering
• Data Compressino
• Packet Bundling/Aggregation

Unlike other distributed systems, however, they can trade consistency for responsiveness and fidelity.

DIAs can be broken into 3-different classes:Smed - TCCS 2002

• Military Simulations
• NVEs
• MCGs (Multiplayer Computer Games)

I don't like this categorization. I think it's more appropriate to break it into DIAs that require tight consistency vs those that require high-performance and fidelity.

With 0 latency and infinite bandwidth then a DIA could be as dynamic (fast-paced state changes) as you want but would still be 100% consistent. In reality, we trade some consistency for performance. We also employ techniques to hide effects of latency and minimize bandwidth.
Consistency Maintenance Mechanisms are used to:

• Hide latency
• Maintain some level of consistency